Gaza aquifer is the only natural water source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in Gaza Strip with a population of about 1.7 million. Current rates of the aquifer abstraction are unsustainable and deterioration of groundwater quality is documented in many parts of the Gaza Strip. The overall aim of this study was to determine salinity of drinking water and its association with renal failure in the southern part in Gaza Strip. Another aim was to explore the relationship between renal failure and socio-economic demographic variables. Descriptive, analytic design was used with survey samples from renal failure patients. A face to face questionnaire for renal failure patients was developed. The sample size for patients was 194subjects, with response rate of 70%. This rate was proportional with respect to its size. Reliability was approved by Cronbach alpha test, and validity was approved by content and face validity method. Analysis of the four quantitative extracted domains that reflected subjectsperception for drinking water salinity level in their localities. All water chemical tests of thesouthern municipal domestic wells have been reviewed since 1987. The tests were fluoride, chloride, nitrate, TDS, and sodium levels in all groundwater wells, which reveal a general trend of increasing from north to south in the southern part. The results show that only 8% of the municipal wells meet the WHO drinking standards in chloride level. Chloride, nitrate, TDS, fluoride and sodium concentration exceed 2-9 times the WHO standards in 92% of the southern wells. The study findings show that there was no association between renal failure prevalence and chloride level, sodium level, TDS level and nitrate level and showed only association with fluoride level, with which there was strong and positive association. There is an urgent need to modify the mixing process according to fluoride level, and initiate public information and awareness programs.
| Published in | Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 2, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17 |
| Page(s) | 95-107 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Gaza Aquifer, Groundwater, Drinking Water Quality, Salinity, Renal Failure
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| [4] | Henk de Zeeuw, (2000)Co-coordinator of the Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), ETC, the Netherlands; and Karen Lock, Visiting research fellow, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. Yahoo, http://www.fao.org/urbanag/Paper2-e.htm |
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APA Style
Khalid Qahman, Eman Abu-afash Mokhamer. (2013). Salinity of Drinking Water and its Association with Renal Failure in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 2(5), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17
ACS Style
Khalid Qahman; Eman Abu-afash Mokhamer. Salinity of Drinking Water and its Association with Renal Failure in Gaza Strip, Palestine. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2013, 2(5), 95-107. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17
AMA Style
Khalid Qahman, Eman Abu-afash Mokhamer. Salinity of Drinking Water and its Association with Renal Failure in Gaza Strip, Palestine. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2013;2(5):95-107. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17
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author = {Khalid Qahman and Eman Abu-afash Mokhamer},
title = {Salinity of Drinking Water and its Association with Renal Failure in Gaza Strip, Palestine},
journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
volume = {2},
number = {5},
pages = {95-107},
doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20130205.17},
abstract = {Gaza aquifer is the only natural water source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in Gaza Strip with a population of about 1.7 million. Current rates of the aquifer abstraction are unsustainable and deterioration of groundwater quality is documented in many parts of the Gaza Strip. The overall aim of this study was to determine salinity of drinking water and its association with renal failure in the southern part in Gaza Strip. Another aim was to explore the relationship between renal failure and socio-economic demographic variables. Descriptive, analytic design was used with survey samples from renal failure patients. A face to face questionnaire for renal failure patients was developed. The sample size for patients was 194subjects, with response rate of 70%. This rate was proportional with respect to its size. Reliability was approved by Cronbach alpha test, and validity was approved by content and face validity method. Analysis of the four quantitative extracted domains that reflected subjectsperception for drinking water salinity level in their localities. All water chemical tests of thesouthern municipal domestic wells have been reviewed since 1987. The tests were fluoride, chloride, nitrate, TDS, and sodium levels in all groundwater wells, which reveal a general trend of increasing from north to south in the southern part. The results show that only 8% of the municipal wells meet the WHO drinking standards in chloride level. Chloride, nitrate, TDS, fluoride and sodium concentration exceed 2-9 times the WHO standards in 92% of the southern wells. The study findings show that there was no association between renal failure prevalence and chloride level, sodium level, TDS level and nitrate level and showed only association with fluoride level, with which there was strong and positive association. There is an urgent need to modify the mixing process according to fluoride level, and initiate public information and awareness programs.},
year = {2013}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Salinity of Drinking Water and its Association with Renal Failure in Gaza Strip, Palestine AU - Khalid Qahman AU - Eman Abu-afash Mokhamer Y1 - 2013/10/30 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17 DO - 10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17 T2 - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science JF - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science JO - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science SP - 95 EP - 107 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7993 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20130205.17 AB - Gaza aquifer is the only natural water source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in Gaza Strip with a population of about 1.7 million. Current rates of the aquifer abstraction are unsustainable and deterioration of groundwater quality is documented in many parts of the Gaza Strip. The overall aim of this study was to determine salinity of drinking water and its association with renal failure in the southern part in Gaza Strip. Another aim was to explore the relationship between renal failure and socio-economic demographic variables. Descriptive, analytic design was used with survey samples from renal failure patients. A face to face questionnaire for renal failure patients was developed. The sample size for patients was 194subjects, with response rate of 70%. This rate was proportional with respect to its size. Reliability was approved by Cronbach alpha test, and validity was approved by content and face validity method. Analysis of the four quantitative extracted domains that reflected subjectsperception for drinking water salinity level in their localities. All water chemical tests of thesouthern municipal domestic wells have been reviewed since 1987. The tests were fluoride, chloride, nitrate, TDS, and sodium levels in all groundwater wells, which reveal a general trend of increasing from north to south in the southern part. The results show that only 8% of the municipal wells meet the WHO drinking standards in chloride level. Chloride, nitrate, TDS, fluoride and sodium concentration exceed 2-9 times the WHO standards in 92% of the southern wells. The study findings show that there was no association between renal failure prevalence and chloride level, sodium level, TDS level and nitrate level and showed only association with fluoride level, with which there was strong and positive association. There is an urgent need to modify the mixing process according to fluoride level, and initiate public information and awareness programs. VL - 2 IS - 5 ER -
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