Gas hydrate has been one the major flow assurance challenges in natural gas production, storage and delivery to the end users. The aim of this research was to conduct an experimental investigation of a locally formulated chemical for the inhibition of gas hydrates. The research entails identifying an adequate local inhibitor using an n-vinyl caprolactam (N-VCAP) as additives with pressure/temperature analysis to assess the effectiveness of the formulated local inhibitor. In this study, experiments were conducted using a mini loop with a diameter of 0.5inch and total length of 12 m. In the experiments, local materials were used to create “Sample A” a biodegradable and water-soluble hydrate inhibitor. Experiments were further carried out to establish that the local inhibitor has a high inhibitory potential as compared to traditional inhibitors, N-Vinylcaprolactam (N-VCap). Different weight percentages of these inhibitors tested were 0.01wt%, 0.02wt%, 0.03wt%, 0.04wt%, 0.05wt%, 0.06wt%, and 0.07wt%. Plots of pressure, temperature and time of the formulated and conventional inhibitors were made and the results obtained were analyzed. 0.01wt%, 0.02wt% 0.04wt%, 0.05wt%, 0.06wt%, and 0.07wt% of Sample A clearly showed better inhibitory performance than the conventional ones. Sample A is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, affordable, efficient, and water soluble. As a result, it has been approved for field testing.
Published in | Journal of Energy and Natural Resources (Volume 11, Issue 3) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12 |
Page(s) | 82-94 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Gas Hydrate, Flow Assurance, Pressure, Temperature, Inhibitor
[1] | Abdel-Aal, H. K., Aggour, M. and Fahim, M. A. (2003), “Petroleum and Gas Field Processing”. |
[2] | Becke, P., Kessel, D., and Rahimian, I.(1992) “Influence of Liquid Hydrocarbons on Gas Hydrate Equilibrium,” paper SPE 25032 presented at the 1992 European Petroleum Conference, Cannes, France, 16-18 November. |
[3] | Botrel, T. (2001): "Hydrate Prevention and Removal in Ultra-Deepwater Drilling Systems". OTC-12962- MS presented at offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas. |
[4] | Boxall, J. A. & May, E. F. (2011) “Formation of Gas Hydrate Blockages in Under-hinited Conditions”. 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH2011). Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. |
[5] | Cwiklik, L and Devlin, J. P (2010) ”Hindering of Rotational Motion of Guest Molecules in the Type I Clathrate Hydrate” Chemical Physics Letters, Volume 494, Issues 4–6, 19 July 2010, Pages, 206-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2010.06.025. |
[6] | Daraboina, N., Pachitsas, S., Solm, N. V. (2015): "Experimental Validation of Kinetic Inhibitors Strength on Natural Gas Hydrate Nucleation" Fuels, Vol. 139, pp 534–550. |
[7] | Daraboina, N., Linga, P. (2013):"Experimental investigation of the effect of poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on methane/propane clathrates using a new contact mode". Chemical Engineering Science. Vol. 93, Pp 387–394. |
[8] | Du, Q., Chen, Y. and Li, S. (2007), Mathematical Model for Natural Gas Hydrate Production by Heat Injection", Petroleum Exploration and Development, 34 (4): 470-473, 487. |
[9] | Durell, Elizabeth., Allen, Jeff., Law, Donald., Heath, John., (2000). Installation and Development of a Direct Injection System for a Bi-Fuel Gasoline and Compressed Natural Gas Engine, Proceeding ANGVA 2000 Conference, Yokohama, Japan. |
[10] | Elechi, V. U., Ikiensikimama, S. S., Ajienka, J. A., Akaranta, O., Onyekonwu, M. O., Odutola, T. O., Okon, O. E. (2018): "Gas Hydrate Inhibition in a Simulated Offshore Environment using Local Inhibitor". SPE Paper 193439 presented at Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, held in Lagos Nigeria. |
[11] | Elechi, V. U., Ikiensikimama, S. S., Akaranta, O., Ajienka, J. A., Okon, O. E. (2019): "Investigation of Plant Family Costaceae Extract as Gas Hydrate Inhibitor in a Simulated Offshore Environment". International Journal of Science and. //www.ijsei.com/papers/ijsei- 88419-14.pdf. |
[12] | Hammerschmidt, E. G. (1939): Gas Hydrates Formations: A Further Study on Their Prevention and Elimination from Natural Gas Pipelines. GPSA, Vol. 15 No. 5 P30–35. |
[13] | Hao, Y., Bo, Q. and Chen, Y (2006), "Laboratory Investigation of Pressure Development of Natural Gas Hydrates", Petroleum Exploration and Development, 33 (2): 217-220. |
[14] | Hashimoto, S., Murayama, S., Takeshi Sugahara, and Kazunari Ohgaki (2006) “Phase Equilibria for H2 + CO2 + Tetrahydrofuran + Water Mixtures Containing Gas Hydrates” J. Chem. Eng. Data 2006, 51, 5, 1884–1886, July 26, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1021/je0602364 |
[15] | Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Petroleum Engineering, “What are Gas Hydrates?” www.pet.hw.ac.uk/hydrate/hydrates_what_html, (2005). |
[16] | Jacobson LC, Hujo W, Molinero V (2010) Nucleation pathways of clathrate hydrates: effects of guest size and solubility. J Phys Chem B 114: 13796–13807. |
[17] | Jensen, L., Thomsen, K., Solms, N. V. (2008): "Propane Hydrate Nucleation: Experimental Investigation and Correlation." Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 63, Pp 3069–3080. |
[18] | Kelland, M. A. (2009): “Production Chemical for Oil and Gas Industry”. Boca, Raton, Fla; CRC Press XVII, 437. |
[19] | Kelland, M. A., Svartaas, T. M. and Dybvik, L. (1995) “A New Generation of Gas Hydrate Inhibitors” Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, October, 1995, SPE-30695-MS, https://doi.org/10.2118/3069-MS. |
[20] | Khan, M. S., Parloon, C. B., Lal, B., Mellon, N. B. (2017): “Influence of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide on Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrate”. Phase Equilibrium Conditions. Fluid Phase Equilibra. Vol. 440, pp 1-8. |
[21] | Khan, Muhammad Saad, Bhajan Lal, Behzad Partoon, Lau Kok Keong, Azmi B. Bustam, and Nurhayati Bt Mellon. (2016) "Experimental evaluation of a novel thermodynamic inhibitor for CH4 and CO2 hydrates." Procedia engineering 148 (2016): 932-940. |
[22] | Khodaverdiloo, K. R., Rad, S. A., Naeiji, P., Peyvandi, K., Varaminian, F. (2016): "Synergistic effects of nonylphenolethoxylates and polyethylene glycols on performance of Gas Hydrate kinetic inhibitor". Journal of Molecular Liquids. Elsevier B. V. Vol. 216, pp 268–274. |
[23] | Koh, C. A. (2002): “Towards a Fundamental under Study of Natural Gas Hydrates.” Chemical Society Reviews. Vol 31, No. 3, Pp 157-167. |
[24] | Liu Yanjun, Liu Xiwu, Liu DamengLiu, (2007), "Applications of geophysical techniques to gas hydrate prediction", Petroleum Exploration and Development, 34 (5): 566-573. |
[25] | Lorenzo, M. D. (2009), "The Hydra Flow Loop: A Tool for Testing the Hydrates Behavior in Gas Pipelines", Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australian Resources Research Center Building, Perth, Australia. |
[26] | Mak, T. C. W. and McMullan, R. K.: “Polyhedral Clathrate Hydrates. X. Structure of the Double Hydrate of Tetrahydrofuran and Hydrogen Sulfide,” J. of Chemical Physics (1965) 42, 2732. |
[27] | Makogun, T., Sloan, D. (2002): "Mechanism of Kinetic Inhibitors" presented at the 4th International Conference on Gas Hydrates. Yokhama, Japan. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA. |
[28] | Martín, A and Peters, C. J (2009) “New Thermodynamic Model of Equilibrium States of Gas Hydrates Considering Lattice Distortion”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2009, 113 (1), 422-430. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8074546. |
[29] | McMullan, R. K. and Jeffrey, G. A.: “Polyhedral Clathrate Hydrates. IX. Structure of Ethylene Oxide Hydrate,” J. of Chemical Physics (1965) 42, 2725. |
[30] | Nasheed, O., Sabil, K. M., Lal, B., Ismail, L., Jafaar, A. J. (2014):“Study of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) 3-methy-limidazolium halide as Thermodynamic Inhibitors.” Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 625, pp 337-340. |
[31] | Nasrifar, Kh and Moshfeghian, M. (2000) “Computation of equilibrium hydrate formation temperature for CO2 and hydrocarbon gases containing CO2 in the presence of an alcohol, electrolytes and their mixtures”. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2000, 26 (1-4), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(00)00028-0. |
[32] | Odutola, T. O., Ajienka, J. A., Onyekonwu, M. O. & Ikiensikimama, S. S. (2016). Hydrate Inhibition in Laboratory Flowloop using Polyvinylpyrrolidone, N-Vinylcaprolactam and 2-(Dimethylamino) ethylmethacrylate, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 36, 54-61. |
[33] | Odutola, T. O., Ajienka, J. A., Onyekonwu, M. O., Ikiensikimama, S. S. (2017): "Design, Fabrication and Validation of a Laboratory Flow Loop for Hydrate Studies". American Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol 5, no. 3-12, pp 28–41. |
[34] | Odutola, T. O., Ikiensikimama, S. S., Ajienka, J. A. (2015a): "Effective Hydrate Management during Gas Expansion". Paper SPE 178342 presented at SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. |
[35] | Okon, O. E., Ajienka, J. A., Ikiensikimama, S. S., Elechi, V. U., Odutola, T. O. (2018). Use of Locally Formulated Inhibitor from Agro Waste for Gas Hydrate Inhibition in a Mini Flow Loop. International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations (IJSEI), 7 (83), 104–112. |
[36] | Ostergaard, K. K., Tohidi, B., Danesh, A., Burgass, R. W., and Todd, A. C, (2000) “Equilibrium Data and Thermodynamic Modeling of Isopentane and 2,2- Dimethylpentane Hydrates,” Fluid Phase Equilibria (2000) 169, 101. |
[37] | Owodunni, O. L., Ajienka, J. A. (2007): “Use of Thermal Insulation to prevent Hydrate and Paraffin Wax deposition.” SPE Paper 11903 presented at the 31st Nigeria International Conference and Exhibition held in Abuja. |
[38] | Palmer, A. C. and King, R. A. (2008), "Subsea Pipeline Engineering", 2 and Ed., PennWell Corporation, Oklahoma, USA, pp. 1-624. |
[39] | Poulton, M. L., (1994), Alternative Fuels for Road Vehicles, Comp. Mechanics Publications, UK. |
[40] | Qureshi, M. F., Atilhan, M., Altamash, T., Tariq, M., Khraisheh, M., Aparicio S. (2016): "Gas hydrate prevention and flow assurance by using mixtures of ionic liquids and Synergent compounds: Combined kinetics and thermodynamic approach". Energy & Fuels. Vol. 30, No. 4, Pp 3541–3548. |
[41] | Ripmeester, J. A., Tse, J. S., Ratcliffe, C. I and Powell, B. M (1987) “A New Clathrate Hydrate Structure” January 1987, DOI: 10.1038/325135a0. |
[42] | Roosta, H., Dashti, A., Mazloumi, S. H., Varaminian, F. (2016): "Inhibition properties of new amino acids for prevention of hydrate formation in carbon dioxide-water system: Experimental and modeling investigations". Journal of Molecular Liquids. Elsevier B. V. Vol. 215, Pp 656–663. |
[43] | Shen, X., Shi, L., Long, Z., Zhou, X., Liang, D. (2016): "Experimental study on the kinetic effect of N-butyl-Nmethylpyrrolidinium Bromide on CO2 hydrate". Journal of Molecular Liquids [Internet]. Elsevier B. V. Vol. 223, Pp 672–677. |
[44] | Sloan, E. D. (2003): “Clathrate Hydrates Measurements: Microscopic, Mesoscopic and Macroscopic”. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. Vol. 35 pp 41–53. |
[45] | Sloan, E. D. (2005), “A Changing Hydrate Paradigm – from Apprehension to Avoidance to Risk Management”. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 228, 64-74. |
[46] | Sloan, E. D., Koh, C. A. (2007): “Clathrates of Natural Gases”. CRC press Taylor & Francis. pp3158. |
[47] | Sloan, E. D., Koh, C. A. (2008): “Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases” 3rd edition. New York: CRC Press Taylor & Francis. 758p. |
[48] | Sloan, E. D. (1998): “Clathrate Hydrate of Natural Gases”. 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York. |
[49] | Sohn, Y. H., Kim, J., Shin, K., Chang, D., Seo, Y., Aman, Z. M., May, E. F. (2015): “Hydrate Plug Formation Risk with Varying Water Cut and Inhibitor Concentrations.” Chem. Eng. Sci, Vol. 126, pp 711718. |
[50] | Sovago, M., Campen, R. K., Wurpel, G. W. H., Müller, M., Bakker, H. J and Bonn, M, (2008), “Vibrational Response of Hydrogen-Bonded Interfacial Water is Dominated by Intramolecular coupling”, Physical Review Letters 100 (2008) 173901. |
[51] | Stone, Richard, (1997), Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 2nd Edition, SAE Inc., USA. |
[52] | Swanson, T. A., Petrie, M., Sifferman, C. R. (2005): "The Successful Use of Both Kinetic Hydrate and Paraffin Inhibitors together in a Deep-Water Pipeline with a High Water Cut in the Gulf of Mexico". Paper SPE 93158 presented at SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. |
[53] | Szymczak, S., Sanders, K. B., Pakulsi, M. K., Higgins, T. O. (2005):"Chemical Compromise, a Thermodynamic and Low – Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor Solution for Hydrate Control in the Gulf of Mexico". SPE P6418-Ms presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas. |
[54] | Talaghart, M. R. (2012): "Enhancement of the performance of Kinetic Inhibitors in the presence of Poly ethylene oxide and Polypropylene oxide for binary mixtures during Gas Hydrate Formation in a flow mini-loop apparatus”. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol. 90 pp 79–86. |
[55] | Talaghat, M. R., Esmaeilzadeh, F and Fathikaljahi, J, (2009),"Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Simple Gas Hydrate Formation with or without Presence of Kinetic Inhibitors in A Flow Mini-Loop Apparatus", Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol 279, Is. 1, pp 28-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2009.01.017. |
[56] | Tariq, M., Rooney, D., Othman, E., Aparicio, S., Atilhan, M., Khraisheh, M. (2014): "Gas Hydrate Inhibition: A review of the role of Ionic Liquids". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. Vol. 53, No. 46, Pp 17855–17868. |
[57] | Uno, Y., Furihata, T., Abe, H., Yoshida, R., Shinozaki, K., and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2000). Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper transcription factors involved in an abscisic acid-dependent signal transduction pathway under drought and high-salinity conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11632–11637. |
[58] | Von Stackelberg M, Müller HR (1951) Zur Struktur der Gashydrate. Naturwissenschaften 38: 456. |
[59] | Zheng, J., Musa, O., Lei, C., Zhang, Y., Alexandre, M., Edris, S. A. (2011): “Innovative KHI Polymers for Gas Hydrate Control”. OTC-21275-MS presented at Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. |
APA Style
Usoro Samuel Emmanuel, Uche Osokogwu. (2022). Investigation of Local Inhibitor for Dissociating Hydrate Formation in Offshore Flowlines in Nigeria. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources, 11(3), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12
ACS Style
Usoro Samuel Emmanuel; Uche Osokogwu. Investigation of Local Inhibitor for Dissociating Hydrate Formation in Offshore Flowlines in Nigeria. J. Energy Nat. Resour. 2022, 11(3), 82-94. doi: 10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12
@article{10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12, author = {Usoro Samuel Emmanuel and Uche Osokogwu}, title = {Investigation of Local Inhibitor for Dissociating Hydrate Formation in Offshore Flowlines in Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of Energy and Natural Resources}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {82-94}, doi = {10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jenr.20221103.12}, abstract = {Gas hydrate has been one the major flow assurance challenges in natural gas production, storage and delivery to the end users. The aim of this research was to conduct an experimental investigation of a locally formulated chemical for the inhibition of gas hydrates. The research entails identifying an adequate local inhibitor using an n-vinyl caprolactam (N-VCAP) as additives with pressure/temperature analysis to assess the effectiveness of the formulated local inhibitor. In this study, experiments were conducted using a mini loop with a diameter of 0.5inch and total length of 12 m. In the experiments, local materials were used to create “Sample A” a biodegradable and water-soluble hydrate inhibitor. Experiments were further carried out to establish that the local inhibitor has a high inhibitory potential as compared to traditional inhibitors, N-Vinylcaprolactam (N-VCap). Different weight percentages of these inhibitors tested were 0.01wt%, 0.02wt%, 0.03wt%, 0.04wt%, 0.05wt%, 0.06wt%, and 0.07wt%. Plots of pressure, temperature and time of the formulated and conventional inhibitors were made and the results obtained were analyzed. 0.01wt%, 0.02wt% 0.04wt%, 0.05wt%, 0.06wt%, and 0.07wt% of Sample A clearly showed better inhibitory performance than the conventional ones. Sample A is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, affordable, efficient, and water soluble. As a result, it has been approved for field testing.}, year = {2022} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Investigation of Local Inhibitor for Dissociating Hydrate Formation in Offshore Flowlines in Nigeria AU - Usoro Samuel Emmanuel AU - Uche Osokogwu Y1 - 2022/09/28 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12 DO - 10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12 T2 - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources JF - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources JO - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources SP - 82 EP - 94 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7404 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20221103.12 AB - Gas hydrate has been one the major flow assurance challenges in natural gas production, storage and delivery to the end users. The aim of this research was to conduct an experimental investigation of a locally formulated chemical for the inhibition of gas hydrates. The research entails identifying an adequate local inhibitor using an n-vinyl caprolactam (N-VCAP) as additives with pressure/temperature analysis to assess the effectiveness of the formulated local inhibitor. In this study, experiments were conducted using a mini loop with a diameter of 0.5inch and total length of 12 m. In the experiments, local materials were used to create “Sample A” a biodegradable and water-soluble hydrate inhibitor. Experiments were further carried out to establish that the local inhibitor has a high inhibitory potential as compared to traditional inhibitors, N-Vinylcaprolactam (N-VCap). Different weight percentages of these inhibitors tested were 0.01wt%, 0.02wt%, 0.03wt%, 0.04wt%, 0.05wt%, 0.06wt%, and 0.07wt%. Plots of pressure, temperature and time of the formulated and conventional inhibitors were made and the results obtained were analyzed. 0.01wt%, 0.02wt% 0.04wt%, 0.05wt%, 0.06wt%, and 0.07wt% of Sample A clearly showed better inhibitory performance than the conventional ones. Sample A is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, affordable, efficient, and water soluble. As a result, it has been approved for field testing. VL - 11 IS - 3 ER -