Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo; Muhammad Sada Ahmad

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo, Muhammad Sada Ahmad

Published in International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy (Volume 2, Issue 5)

Received: 18 August 2013 Published: 20 September 2013

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Abstract

This work was aimed at reduction of time, energy and material consumption of transesterification reaction by introduction of cosolvent to overcome this mass transfer resistance. The oil was characterized and its properties were found to conform to those of the literature. The GC-MS analysis of the raw oil indicates that the major fatty acids were; palmitic acid (15.86%), Oleic acid (37.13%), linoleic acid (37.24%) and stearic acid (9.76%), this indicates that the major fatty acids are unsaturated acids. The work uses full factorial design of experiment to investigate the main and interaction effects of five factors (varied at two levels of high and low) affecting transesterification. Methanol/oil molar ratio (41.49%) was found to be the most significant effect followed by catalyst concentration (30.54%), temperature (8.05%), and time (1.45%). For the interaction effects, the interaction of methanol/oil molar ratio with catalyst concentration (1.52%) was found to be most significant interaction this was then followed by the interaction of temperature and methanol/oil molar ratio (1.30%). However, the effect of methanol/cosolvent volume ratio was found to be insignificant. The model equations developed were subjected to some constrains and an optimum yield of 69.40% was obtained at 3.85 minutes, 600C, 0.5% catalyst concentration, 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1:1 methanol/cosolvent volume ratio. The GC-MS analysis of samples produced at various conditions with least time confirms the formation of fatty acid methyl ester and the properties of the biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions were found to conform to ASTM D6751-02 B100.

Published in	International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
Page(s)	191-197
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Transesterification, Biodiesel, Cosolvent, Full Factorial Design, Cyclohexane, FAME

References

[1]	Demirbas, A. (2009). Progress and Recent Trends in Biodiesel Fuels. Elsevier journal of energy conversion and management (50) Pp. 14-34.
[2]	Alptekin, E., Canakci, M., (2008). Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Methyl Ester-Diesels. Journal of Fuel 88(1) Pp. 75-80.
[3]	Vicente, G., Martinez, M., Aracil, J. and Esteban, A., (2005). Kinetics of Sunflower Oil Methanolysis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 44 (15) Pp 5447-5454.
[4]	Antolin, G., Tinaut, F. V., Briceno, Y., Castano, V., Perez, C., Ramirez, A. I., (2002). Optimization of Biodiesel Production by Sunflower oil Estrification. Journal of Bioresource Techenology 83 (2) Pp. 111-114.
[5]	Van Gerpen, J. (2005). Biodiesel Processing and Production, Journal of Fuel Processing Technology. (86) Pp. 1097 – 1107.
[6]	Caglar, E. (2007). Biodiesel Production Using Co-solvent. European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE-6), Copenhagen 16-20 September 2007, Izmir Institute of technology.
[7]	Whitcob .P, Oehlert G. (2000) Design Expert Software Version 6.0 User’s Guide.Stat Ease Inc.
[8]	Singh, R. K. & Padhi, S. K., (2009). Characterization of Jatropha Oil for the Preparation of Biodiesel. Natural Product Radience.
[9]	Refaat, A. A. (2010). Different Technique for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil. International Journal of Environment, Science and Technology 7 (1) Pp. 183-213.
[10]	Mohammed-Dabo, I.A., Ahmad, M.S., Hamza, A., Muazu, K. and Aliyu, A. (2012): Co-Solvent Tranesterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil to Biodiesel. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels (JPTAF) 3(3): 1-11. Available at http://www.academicjournals.org/JPTAF
[11]	Makkar, H.P.S, Aderibigbe, A.O. and Becker, K. (1997), Comparative Evaluation of Non-toxic Varieties of Jatropha Curcas. Journal of Food chemistry 62 (2) Pp. 202 – 218.
[12]	Abitogun, S. A., Omosheyin, A. C., Oloye, D. A. and Alademehin, O. J. (2009) Extraction and Characterirization of Sunflower Crude Oil. The International Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 21(1), Pp.21-29.
[13]	Freedman, B., Pryde E.H, Mounts T.L. (1982), Variables Affecting the Yields of Fatty Ester from Transesterified Vegetable Oils. Journal of American Oil Chemist Society (61) Pp.1638-1643.
[14]	El Diwani, G., Attia, N. K., Hawash, S. I. (2009). Development and Evaluation of Biodiesel and By-products from Jatropha Oil. International Journal of Environment, Science and Technology 6 (2) Pp. 219-224.
[15]	Van Gerpen, J. (2009). Biodiesel Production Technologies, University of Idaho Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. Pp. 885-7891.
[16]	National Biodiesel Board of United State of America, 2008

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APA Style

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo, Muhammad Sada Ahmad. (2013). Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 2(5), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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ACS Style

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo; Muhammad Sada Ahmad. Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment. Int. J. Sustain. Green Energy 2013, 2(5), 191-197. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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AMA Style

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo, Muhammad Sada Ahmad. Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment. Int J Sustain Green Energy. 2013;2(5):191-197. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11,
  author = {Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo and Muhammad Sada Ahmad},
  title = {Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment},
  journal = {International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {191-197},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijrse.20130205.11},
  abstract = {This work was aimed at reduction of time, energy and material consumption of transesterification reaction by introduction of cosolvent to overcome this mass transfer resistance. The oil was characterized and its properties were found to conform to those of the literature. The GC-MS analysis of the raw oil indicates that the major fatty acids were; palmitic acid (15.86%), Oleic acid (37.13%), linoleic acid (37.24%) and stearic acid (9.76%), this indicates that the major fatty acids are unsaturated acids. The work uses full factorial design of experiment to investigate the main and interaction effects of five factors (varied at two levels of high and low) affecting transesterification. Methanol/oil molar ratio (41.49%) was found to be the most significant effect followed by catalyst concentration (30.54%), temperature (8.05%), and time (1.45%). For the interaction effects, the interaction of methanol/oil molar ratio with catalyst concentration (1.52%) was found to be most significant interaction this was then followed by the interaction of temperature and methanol/oil molar ratio (1.30%). However, the effect of methanol/cosolvent volume ratio was found to be insignificant. The model equations developed were subjected to some constrains and an optimum yield of 69.40% was obtained at 3.85 minutes, 600C, 0.5% catalyst concentration, 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1:1 methanol/cosolvent volume ratio. The GC-MS analysis of samples produced at various conditions with least time confirms the formation of fatty acid methyl ester and the properties of the biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions were found to conform to ASTM D6751-02 B100.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment
AU  - Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo
AU  - Muhammad Sada Ahmad
Y1  - 2013/09/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
T2  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
JF  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
JO  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
SP  - 191
EP  - 197
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1549
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
AB  - This work was aimed at reduction of time, energy and material consumption of transesterification reaction by introduction of cosolvent to overcome this mass transfer resistance. The oil was characterized and its properties were found to conform to those of the literature. The GC-MS analysis of the raw oil indicates that the major fatty acids were; palmitic acid (15.86%), Oleic acid (37.13%), linoleic acid (37.24%) and stearic acid (9.76%), this indicates that the major fatty acids are unsaturated acids. The work uses full factorial design of experiment to investigate the main and interaction effects of five factors (varied at two levels of high and low) affecting transesterification. Methanol/oil molar ratio (41.49%) was found to be the most significant effect followed by catalyst concentration (30.54%), temperature (8.05%), and time (1.45%). For the interaction effects, the interaction of methanol/oil molar ratio with catalyst concentration (1.52%) was found to be most significant interaction this was then followed by the interaction of temperature and methanol/oil molar ratio (1.30%). However, the effect of methanol/cosolvent volume ratio was found to be insignificant. The model equations developed were subjected to some constrains and an optimum yield of 69.40% was obtained at 3.85 minutes, 600C, 0.5% catalyst concentration, 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1:1 methanol/cosolvent volume ratio. The GC-MS analysis of samples produced at various conditions with least time confirms the formation of fatty acid methyl ester and the properties of the biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions were found to conform to ASTM D6751-02 B100.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo

Chemical Engineering Department, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria
Muhammad Sada Ahmad

Center for Renewable Energy Research, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina State Nigeria

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APA Style

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo, Muhammad Sada Ahmad. (2013). Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 2(5), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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ACS Style

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo; Muhammad Sada Ahmad. Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment. Int. J. Sustain. Green Energy 2013, 2(5), 191-197. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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AMA Style

Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo, Muhammad Sada Ahmad. Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment. Int J Sustain Green Energy. 2013;2(5):191-197. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11,
  author = {Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo and Muhammad Sada Ahmad},
  title = {Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment},
  journal = {International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {191-197},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijrse.20130205.11},
  abstract = {This work was aimed at reduction of time, energy and material consumption of transesterification reaction by introduction of cosolvent to overcome this mass transfer resistance. The oil was characterized and its properties were found to conform to those of the literature. The GC-MS analysis of the raw oil indicates that the major fatty acids were; palmitic acid (15.86%), Oleic acid (37.13%), linoleic acid (37.24%) and stearic acid (9.76%), this indicates that the major fatty acids are unsaturated acids. The work uses full factorial design of experiment to investigate the main and interaction effects of five factors (varied at two levels of high and low) affecting transesterification. Methanol/oil molar ratio (41.49%) was found to be the most significant effect followed by catalyst concentration (30.54%), temperature (8.05%), and time (1.45%). For the interaction effects, the interaction of methanol/oil molar ratio with catalyst concentration (1.52%) was found to be most significant interaction this was then followed by the interaction of temperature and methanol/oil molar ratio (1.30%). However, the effect of methanol/cosolvent volume ratio was found to be insignificant. The model equations developed were subjected to some constrains and an optimum yield of 69.40% was obtained at 3.85 minutes, 600C, 0.5% catalyst concentration, 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1:1 methanol/cosolvent volume ratio. The GC-MS analysis of samples produced at various conditions with least time confirms the formation of fatty acid methyl ester and the properties of the biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions were found to conform to ASTM D6751-02 B100.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Single phase (Cyclohexane-Assisted) Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed Oil Using Full Factorial Design of Experiment
AU  - Ibrahim Ali Mohammed-Dabo
AU  - Muhammad Sada Ahmad
Y1  - 2013/09/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
T2  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
JF  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
JO  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
SP  - 191
EP  - 197
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1549
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20130205.11
AB  - This work was aimed at reduction of time, energy and material consumption of transesterification reaction by introduction of cosolvent to overcome this mass transfer resistance. The oil was characterized and its properties were found to conform to those of the literature. The GC-MS analysis of the raw oil indicates that the major fatty acids were; palmitic acid (15.86%), Oleic acid (37.13%), linoleic acid (37.24%) and stearic acid (9.76%), this indicates that the major fatty acids are unsaturated acids. The work uses full factorial design of experiment to investigate the main and interaction effects of five factors (varied at two levels of high and low) affecting transesterification. Methanol/oil molar ratio (41.49%) was found to be the most significant effect followed by catalyst concentration (30.54%), temperature (8.05%), and time (1.45%). For the interaction effects, the interaction of methanol/oil molar ratio with catalyst concentration (1.52%) was found to be most significant interaction this was then followed by the interaction of temperature and methanol/oil molar ratio (1.30%). However, the effect of methanol/cosolvent volume ratio was found to be insignificant. The model equations developed were subjected to some constrains and an optimum yield of 69.40% was obtained at 3.85 minutes, 600C, 0.5% catalyst concentration, 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1:1 methanol/cosolvent volume ratio. The GC-MS analysis of samples produced at various conditions with least time confirms the formation of fatty acid methyl ester and the properties of the biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions were found to conform to ASTM D6751-02 B100.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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