Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension

Gábor Simonyi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension

Gábor Simonyi

Published in American Journal of Internal Medicine (Volume 2, Issue 1)

Received: 19 January 2014 Published: 20 February 2014

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Abstract

Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the increase in cardiac output. In addition to the hemodynamic consequences (increase in cardiac output, tachycardia, coronary vasoconstriction, proarrhythmia), the increase in sympathetic activity has many harmful effects. Numerous metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia), structural and trophic effects (endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, myocardial hypertrophy), as well as thrombotic and humoral processes (procoagulation, enhancement of thrombocyte aggregation, sodium retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis) may develop and consequently damage body functions at many targets. Several different antihypertensive drug classes are available for reducing increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral alpha and beta blockers and compounds with central effects. First generation antihypertensive drugs with central mechanisms of action (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, alpha-methyldopa) is currently rarely administered and only for a few indications as they have a significant adverse events profile. Among second generation compounds with central effects, rilmenidine stimulates imidazoline-1 receptors and thus beneficially influences mild or moderate hypertension that involves enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.

Published in	American Journal of Internal Medicine (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
Page(s)	1-5
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sympathetic Nervous System, Stress, Hypertension, Rilmenidine

References

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APA Style

Gábor Simonyi. (2014). Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension. American Journal of Internal Medicine, 2(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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ACS Style

Gábor Simonyi. Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension. Am. J. Intern. Med. 2014, 2(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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AMA Style

Gábor Simonyi. Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension. Am J Intern Med. 2014;2(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11,
  author = {Gábor Simonyi},
  title = {Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension},
  journal = {American Journal of Internal Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajim.20140201.11},
  abstract = {Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the increase in cardiac output. In addition to the hemodynamic consequences (increase in cardiac output, tachycardia, coronary vasoconstriction, proarrhythmia), the increase in sympathetic activity has many harmful effects. Numerous metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia), structural and trophic effects (endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, myocardial hypertrophy), as well as thrombotic and humoral processes (procoagulation, enhancement of thrombocyte aggregation, sodium retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis) may develop and consequently damage body functions at many targets. Several different antihypertensive drug classes are available for reducing increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral alpha and beta blockers and compounds with central effects. First generation antihypertensive drugs with central mechanisms of action (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, alpha-methyldopa) is currently rarely administered and only for a few indications as they have a significant adverse events profile. Among second generation compounds with central effects, rilmenidine stimulates imidazoline-1 receptors and thus beneficially influences mild or moderate hypertension that involves enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension
AU  - Gábor Simonyi
Y1  - 2014/02/20
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
T2  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
JF  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
JO  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-4324
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
AB  - Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the increase in cardiac output. In addition to the hemodynamic consequences (increase in cardiac output, tachycardia, coronary vasoconstriction, proarrhythmia), the increase in sympathetic activity has many harmful effects. Numerous metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia), structural and trophic effects (endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, myocardial hypertrophy), as well as thrombotic and humoral processes (procoagulation, enhancement of thrombocyte aggregation, sodium retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis) may develop and consequently damage body functions at many targets. Several different antihypertensive drug classes are available for reducing increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral alpha and beta blockers and compounds with central effects. First generation antihypertensive drugs with central mechanisms of action (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, alpha-methyldopa) is currently rarely administered and only for a few indications as they have a significant adverse events profile. Among second generation compounds with central effects, rilmenidine stimulates imidazoline-1 receptors and thus beneficially influences mild or moderate hypertension that involves enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Gábor Simonyi

Metabolic Center, Szent Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Gábor Simonyi. (2014). Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension. American Journal of Internal Medicine, 2(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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ACS Style

Gábor Simonyi. Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension. Am. J. Intern. Med. 2014, 2(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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AMA Style

Gábor Simonyi. Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension. Am J Intern Med. 2014;2(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11,
  author = {Gábor Simonyi},
  title = {Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension},
  journal = {American Journal of Internal Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajim.20140201.11},
  abstract = {Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the increase in cardiac output. In addition to the hemodynamic consequences (increase in cardiac output, tachycardia, coronary vasoconstriction, proarrhythmia), the increase in sympathetic activity has many harmful effects. Numerous metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia), structural and trophic effects (endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, myocardial hypertrophy), as well as thrombotic and humoral processes (procoagulation, enhancement of thrombocyte aggregation, sodium retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis) may develop and consequently damage body functions at many targets. Several different antihypertensive drug classes are available for reducing increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral alpha and beta blockers and compounds with central effects. First generation antihypertensive drugs with central mechanisms of action (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, alpha-methyldopa) is currently rarely administered and only for a few indications as they have a significant adverse events profile. Among second generation compounds with central effects, rilmenidine stimulates imidazoline-1 receptors and thus beneficially influences mild or moderate hypertension that involves enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Chronic Stress in the Development of Essential Hypertension, Role of Rilmenidine in the Treatment of Stress Induced Hypertension
AU  - Gábor Simonyi
Y1  - 2014/02/20
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
T2  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
JF  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
JO  - American Journal of Internal Medicine
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-4324
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20140201.11
AB  - Hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Several factors contribute to its development, including chronic stress, which may induce hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity. The signs of increasing sympathetic activity can be primarily detected in the initial phase of hypertension, which is characterized by the increase in cardiac output. In addition to the hemodynamic consequences (increase in cardiac output, tachycardia, coronary vasoconstriction, proarrhythmia), the increase in sympathetic activity has many harmful effects. Numerous metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia), structural and trophic effects (endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, myocardial hypertrophy), as well as thrombotic and humoral processes (procoagulation, enhancement of thrombocyte aggregation, sodium retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis) may develop and consequently damage body functions at many targets. Several different antihypertensive drug classes are available for reducing increased sympathetic activity, including peripheral alpha and beta blockers and compounds with central effects. First generation antihypertensive drugs with central mechanisms of action (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, alpha-methyldopa) is currently rarely administered and only for a few indications as they have a significant adverse events profile. Among second generation compounds with central effects, rilmenidine stimulates imidazoline-1 receptors and thus beneficially influences mild or moderate hypertension that involves enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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